Non-Muslims
and the Law of Social Security in Islam
By: Shaykh Shawkat Husayn
The laws of social security in
Islam do not exist in codified form. But they consist of the injunctions of the Quran,
hadith, precedents of the 'Righteous Caliphate' and the views of the jurists deduced from
the original sources through qiyas and ijtihad. In order to examine these
laws of social security with reference to non-Muslim subjects of an Islamic State, one
should have recourse to these sources.
Before coming to the subject
proper an appreciation of the contemporary concept of social security and its evolution is
necessary. The term 'social security' denotes the programmes established by law to provide
for the economic security and social welfare of the individual and his family.[1]
Nowadays these programmes have
assumed the shape of old-age pension, unemployment benefit, sickness benefit, death grant,
disablement allowance, family allowance, etc. Some European authors try to trace the
evolution of these laws to some practices of the late medieval period. But the truth is
that Europe first got acquainted with the laws of social security at the end of the last
century only. Before 1883, the functions that now come under social security law, were
discharged by private arrangements made chiefly by co-operative movements among workers.[2]
The practices considered to be
the primitive forms of this concept have no relation to it. One of the instances referred
to is the practice at some places in England where local magistracy was empowered in 1531
to licence the aged, sick and crippled persons to beg in their neighbourhood.[3]
Another statute referred to is
that of 1536 which provided for organization of relief of those unable to work through
voluntary funds.[4] The attitude of the central government towards
these local initiatives was nothing more than that of supervision and advice.[5]
The first instance of social
security laws in Europe can be seen in the scheme of compulsory State insurance which was
introduced by Bismark in Germany in 1883.[6] Germany was followed by
Austria and some other countries. By the beginning of this century most of the European
countries initiated promulgation of laws in this direction. In America, except the
Workmans Compensation Act passed in 1908, no significant legislation was enacted until
1935 when the Social Security Act was passed by the Congress.[7]
Contrary to the European
tradition, in Islam, right from the beginning, fulfillment of the basic needs of the
subjects was conceived to be the concern of the State. Zakat is the first
institution of social security in Islam. Payment of 2l1/2 percent of his/her savings of
the zakat fund is one of the fundamental duties of a Muslim. The State is
responsible to collect zakat and make arrangements for its distribution.
Non-payment of it is tantamount to waging war against the State. The Caliph Abu Bakr
subjugated by force all those who refused to pay it.
Non-Muslims are also included in
one of the categories of the recipients of zakat.[8] While
prescribing laws for the distribution of zakat, the Quran includes them among those
'whose hearts are to be conciliated'.
Some jurists are of the view that
this clause is inoperative after the time of the Prophet.[9] Their
views are based on a precedent of 'Umar ibn al-Khattab who got it cancelled by Abu Bakr
towards some recipients of this category.[10] Some prominent scholars
of the past and present are of the view that this injunction is operative even today.[11]
It must be noted here that this
share of the people belonging to this category is not on account of their inability to
meet their material needs but for 'reconciliation' of their hearts. There are also some
reports which suggest that the needy among the non-Muslims were also helped from the zakat
funds during the early days of Islam.[12]
Majority of scholars hold it to
be unlawful. Their opinion is based on the precept of the Prophet who directed Mu'adh to
take zakat from rich Muslims for distributing it among poor Muslims.
Some present day scholars also
hold the view that poor and destitute among non-Muslims can be helped out of the zakat
funds.[l3] It is reported that 'Umar interpreted the word masakin in
the verse "Alms are for the poor and the needy (masakin) and those employed to
administer the funds...." as non-Muslims.[14] Besides zakat,
the Quran provides for collection of sadaqat. Although sadaqah is not an
obligatory duty like zakat, the Quran has given great Importance for it. Emphasizing the
payment of sadaqah, the Quran goes to the extent of declaring, "You will never
attain piety until you spend of what you love."[15]
The difference between zakat
and sadaqah is that while the former is to be paid at a fixed rate, no such rate
has been prescribed for the latter, In the words of al-Sayyid Qutub, "The rich are
obliced to contribute as much as is sufficient to meet the necessities of the needy....
There is no restriction or condition except that it should be sufficient for their
needs".[16] The guidance of the Quran to the believers as to what
they should give in the way of Allah is 'the superfluity.'[17]
So far as meeting the needs of
non-Muslims from the funds of sadaqah is concerned, most of the scholars' view is
positive. Elaborating the position of the Hanafis, al-Hidayah states, "Our doctors
base their opinion regarding this point on the precept of the Prophet (S) who has ordained
that alms should be bestowed upon persons of every religion indiscriminately. And they
also argue that had not there been the Prophet's directions to Mu'adh, bestowing of zakat
on dhimmis would have been deemed legal".[18] Collection and
distribution of sadaqah along with zakat are among the fundamental duties of
the government.[19]
If the funds raised out of zakat
and sadaqah are insufficient to meet the needs of the poor, the State can
Impose other taxes to realize
funds for this purpose.[20] While prescribing the rules of zakat
and sadaqah, the Quran emphasizes that the needs of those who are economically
hard-pressed and unwilling to ask for help out of self-respect should be given priority.[21] Thus it is clear that these funds are to be spent primarily to
relieve people from immediate hardships without creating a class of social parasites.[22]
Besides Quranic institutions of zakat
and sadaqah, there are several Prophetic traditions which hold the State
responsible for the fulfillment of the basic needs of all its subjects. The Prophet (S) is
reported to have said : "I am the guardian of a person who has no guardian".[23] Another hadith declares: "The State is the guardian of a
person who has no guardian".[24]
The guardianship, mentioned in
the above traditions, is of a general nature which necessarily implies the fulfillment of
basic needs.[25] In another tradition the Prophet (S) is reported to
have told: "The son of Adam has basic rights for three things a house to live in, a
piece of cloth to cover his body, a loaf of bread and water".[26]
In the above traditions there is
no reference to a particular community. By referring to 'the son of Adam' any ambiguity in
defining the scope of these traditions has been removed. Thus it is obvious that the
Islamic State is bound to provide for the basic necessities of its people irrespective of
their religion. Examination of the extent of applying these injunctions of the Quran and Sunnah
during the period of Righteous Caliphate, will further clarify the scope of their
implementation. Keeping in view the topic of discussion, the injunctions and precedents
related to non-Muslims only are cited here. The earliest instance of fulfillment of basic
necessities of non-Muslims during this period can be seen in one of the treaties concluded
by the Muslim general Khalid ibn al-Walid during the days of Abu Bakr. The treaty reads:
"And I have granted the
right that if an old person becomes incapable of working or is suffering from ill health
or is a destitute after being rich, so much so that his co-religionists start giving him
alms, then his jizyah will be remitted; he and his family will receive the
allowance for maintenance from public treasury as long as he lives in the Islamic
State".[27]
Explaining the legal importance
of the dhimmi treaties, of which the above extract forms a part, Majid Khadduri
says: "The dhimmi treaties, it will be recalled, were in the form of
constitutional guarantees from the moment dhimmi communities ceased to be separate
entities. Finally Muslim authorities tended to regard their contractual understandings as
religious obligations which should be strictly observed".[28]
Other instances of observance of
social security laws can be found in the following practices of the Righteous Caliphs.
Before going through the practices, it must be made clear that the nature of these
practices was not that of compassion shown by some kings or rulers of the past towards
some of their needy subjects. The exercise of the kings was in the nature of royal bounty
rather than the realization of the rights of their subjects.[29]
The Righteous Caliphs on the
other hand considered these functions as discharging their duties and fulfilling the
rights of their subjects, The legal significance of these can be gathered from the
following words of an eminent jurist al-Hasan al-Basri. While answering the questions of a
ruler regarding some precedents of the Pious Caliphs, he stated: "You have only to
follow what your predecessors did".[30]
Other Muslim jurists have also
referred to these as the basis of their argument while giving their opinions. The Kitab
al-kharaj of Imam Abu Yusuf is replete with such references.
The Caliph 'Umar, on seeing an
old Jew begging, brought him to his house. He gave him some cash and ordered the treasury
officer that such people who could not earn their living should be granted stipends from
the public treasury.[31]
Once, seeing some non-Muslim
lepers on his way back from a journey, he issued orders that they should be provided
maintenance from the State funds.[32]
In a letter addressed to Adi ibn
Artah, 'Umar ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz wrote: "Be kind towards dhimmis. If you find
some of them old or helpless, give maintenance to them".[33]
The above-mentioned instances
bear clear evidence as to how Islamic Shari'ah assures thee basic material needs of
the non-Muslim subjects of an Islamic State. The legal guarantees of the material
requirements of the citizens, with which the West became acquainted only in the beginning
of this century, were given by Islamic Shari'ah fourteen hundred years ago. This
attitude towards religious minorities is of great importance in view of the fact that such
minorities are deprived of even basic human rights in the so-called welfare states of the
twentieth century.
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REFERENCES:
[1] Hary
Calvert, Social Security Law, London, 1974, p.5.
[2] Encyclopaedia
Britannica, 1966, vol. 20, p. 894.
[3] A. Harding Boulton, Law
and Practice of Social Security, Jordan & sons Ltd., Bristol, 1972, p. xii.
[4] Ibid., p. xii.
[5] Ibid, p. xiii.
[6] Hary Calvert, Social
Security Law. London, 1974, p. 5.
[7] Encyclopedia Americana.
1966, ed. vol. 25, p.186
[8] The Qur'an,
Suratal-Tawbah: 60, Yusufal-Qardawi, Fiqh al-zakat. Bombay 1980, p.356.
[9] Ibid., p.357.
[10] Ibidn. p. 357.
[11] Mawdudi, Tafhim
al-Qur'an, Delhi, 1983, vol. 2, p.9, Rashid Rida, Tafsir al-Qur'an al-hakim, 1354 H., vol.
2, p.574.
[12] Abu 'Ubaydah, Kitab
al-'Amwal. Cairo, 1353 H., pp. 611, 612.
[13] Yusuf al-Qardawi,
Fiqh al-zakat (Urdu), Bombay, 1980, p.434.
[14] Abu Yusuf, Kitab
al-kharaj, Cairo, 1382 H., p.144.
[15] The Qur'an, 3:92.
[16] Al-Sayyid Qutub,
Social Justice in Islam, American Council of Learned Societies: Washington, 1953 pp.
64-66.
[17] The Qur'an, 2:219.
[18] Al-Hidayah, Delhi,
1979 (English Edition), vol. I, p.20.
[19] Al-Mawardi,
al-'Ahkam al-sultaniyyah, Nafis Akademi, Karachi, p.33.
[20] Ibn Hzam, al-Muhalla,
Egypt, 1347 H., p.156.
[21] The Qur'an, 2:73.
[22] Nawab Hayder Naqawi,
Ethics and Economics: An Islamic Synthesis, Islamic Foundation, UK., 1981, p.140.
[23] Al-Tirmidhi,
"Bab al-fara'id".
[24] Ibid., "Bab
al-nikah".
[25] Najatullah Siddiqi,
Islam kanaz ariyyeh milkiyyat, Delhi, 1978, p.396.
[26] Kanz al-'ummal.
[27] Abu Yusuf, Kitab
al-kharaj, Cairo, 1382 H., p.144.
[28] Majid Khadduri, Law
of War and Peace in Islam, The John Hopkins Press: Baltimore, 1955, p.220.
[29] Supra. note. 3, p.
xi.
[30] Mawdudi, Islamic Law
and Constitution, Lahore, 1979, p.283.
[31] Abu Yusuf, Kitab
al-kharaj, Cairo, 1382 H., p.122.
[32] Al-Baladhuri, Futuh
al-buldan, Cairo, 1959, p.129.
[33] Mu'in al-Din
Nadwi,Din-e rehnmat, Azamgarh, India, p.254, from Ibn Sa'd's al-Tabaqat.
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